Roman concrete

Historic References:
– Temple of Mercury in Baiae featuring the oldest concrete dome.
– Vitruvius recommending pozzolana for lime mortars.
– Introduction of hydraulic concrete in coastal structures.
– Caesarea harbor showcasing underwater Roman concrete technology.
– Neros building code post the fire in 64 AD promoting brick-faced concrete.

Material Properties:
– Roman concrete composition: aggregate and hydraulic mortar.
– Aggregate components: rock, ceramic tile, lime clasts, and brick rubble.
– Binders used: gypsum, quicklime, and pozzolana.
– Self-repairing property of lime clasts when reacting with water.
– Roman concrete’s characteristics: little plasticity but resistant to tensile stresses.

Seismic Technology:
– Concrete mass interruptions and internal constructions for earthquake accommodation.
– Flexibility of bricks and concrete enhancing overall structure strength.
– Strength and stability enhancement through gradation in domes like the Pantheon.
– Pantheon’s dome aggregate: alternating layers of light tuff and pumice.
– Use of travertine as an aggregate for higher density in the Pantheon’s foundation.

Modern Use:
– Recent scientific studies on Roman concrete attracting industry interest.
– Exploration of Roman-style concrete in North America for durability and eco-friendliness.
– Utilization of coal fly ash as a volcanic ash replacement in modern concrete.
– Cost-effectiveness and longer lifespan of concrete made with fly ash.
– Study of Roman concrete in marine environments for contemporary applications.

Additional Resources:
– Literature references exploring Roman concrete and architecture.
– Various external links discussing the durability and applications of Roman concrete.
– References to documentaries, studies, and articles on Roman concrete technology.
– Related topics like Energetically Modified Cement, Geopolymer, Roman brick, and Pozzolanic activity.
– Books, articles, and studies providing insights into Roman concrete technology and its significance.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_caementicium