Calcium chloride

**Group 1: History and Production**
– Discovered in the 15th century, studied in the 18th century
– Historically called fixed sal ammoniac
– Modern names include muriate of lime
– Synthesized during the distillation of ammonium chloride with lime
– Nonvolatile during synthesis
– Derived from limestone as a by-product of the Solvay process
– North American consumption in 2002 was 1,529,000 tonnes
– Most obtained by purification from brine
– Contains trace amounts of other cations and anions
– Found as rare evaporite minerals sinjarite and antarcticite
– Other natural hydrates include ghiaraite, chlorocalcite, tachyhydrite, and rorisite

**Group 2: Uses of Calcium Chloride**
– De-icing and freezing-point depression
– Road surfacing
– Food industry applications
– Laboratory and related drying operations
– Accelerates initial setting in concrete mixes
– Prevents cork spot and bitter pit on apples
– Flavoring pickles without increasing sodium content
– Metal Reduction Flux in titanium production
– Medical use in intravenous therapy to prevent hypocalcemia
– Food preservation
– Accelerating concrete set time
– Adhesives in building construction
– Non-surgical sterilization in animals

**Group 3: Hazards and Health Concerns**
– Non-toxic when wet but can irritate and burn skin
– Ingestion can cause gastrointestinal irritation or ulceration
– Consumption can lead to hypercalcemia
– Side effects like gastric necrosis
– Clinical evaluation for male sterilization
– Possible drug war involvement
– Narcos’ interest in basic chemical
– Product safety assessments

**Group 4: Chemical Properties and Regulatory Information**
– Dissolves in water, producing chloride and aquo complex
– High enthalpy change of solution
– Can be electrolyzed to give calcium metal and chlorine gas
– Minerals like sinjarite and ghiaraite
– Composition affecting nutritional quality
– Black stomach due to ingestion
– Bitter pit in apples
– Practical necrotizing agent
– UNEP publications on safety assessment
– FDA compliance articles
– CFR regulations
– Indications and warnings
– Compliance with standards

**Group 5: Miscellaneous Information**
– Used in agricultural implement tires for traction
– Used in air dehumidifiers
– Suppresses dust formation on dirt roads
– Reduces need for grading and fill-in materials
– Firming agent in canned vegetables
– Enhances texture of various food products
– Used in tofu production
– Adds texture to sliced apples and strawberries
– Used in brewing beer and cheesemaking
– Frequently used in drying tubes
– Dries kelp for producing sodium carbonate
– Approved by FDA for ensuring dryness in packaging
– Hydrated salt can be dried for re-use
– Forms hard amalgamated solid when cooled after heatinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_chloride