Castle

**Definition and Historical Context**:
– A castle is a fortified structure built during the Middle Ages as a private residence for lords or nobles.
– Castles were primarily defensive structures and symbols of power.
– Castles were distinct from mansions, palaces, and villas.
– The term ‘castle’ was introduced into English before the Norman Conquest.
– Castles originated in Europe and later spread to other regions.
– Castles were used to assert control over lands and populations.
– Castles were crucial for defense, control of surrounding areas, and as administrative centers.

**Evolution of Castle Architecture**:
– Early castles were built from earth and timber, evolving to stone fortifications.
– New castles featured polygonal designs, concentric defenses, and advanced architectural elements.
– Common features like motte, bailey, keep, curtain walls, gatehouses, moats, battlements, arrowslits, posterns, and great halls were integral to castle design.
– Aesthetics became more important over time, reflecting the power of the castle occupant.

**Terminology and Strategic Significance**:
– ‘Castle’ is a specific term for private fortified residences, not a generic term for manor houses.
– Castles served as bases of operations in enemy territory and lost military significance towards the end of the Middle Ages.
– Castles in contested border areas experienced significant growth due to common warfare.
– Introduction of castles in various regions was influenced by historical events like invasions and conquests.

**Castle Design and Features**:
– Castles had key elements like motte, bailey, keep, curtain walls, gatehouses, moats, battlements, arrowslits, posterns, and great halls.
– Different castle designs and building materials were prevalent across regions.
– Stone castles became prevalent by the late 12th century, with advanced architectural elements.
– Muslim castles in the Iberian Peninsula had detached flanking towers for added protection.

**11th Century Castle Development and Influence**:
– The 11th century saw a surge in castle construction across Europe with varying forms and materials.
– Castles became common in England post the Norman Conquest and in Denmark as coastal defenses.
– The Bayeux Tapestry depicted attackers using fire against castles.
– Castles were not only defensive structures but also symbols of power and authority, requiring royal permission for construction.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle