Reinforced concrete

**Reinforced Concrete Overview:**
– Description of reinforcing schemes to resist tensile stresses.
– Use of varied materials like steel and polymers for reinforcement.
– Importance of permanent stress for better structure behavior.
– Properties required for reinforcement: high strength, good bond to concrete, etc.
– Common methods in the US: pre-tensioning and post-tensioning.

**History and Innovations:**
– Contributions of François Coignet, Joseph Monier, Thaddeus Hyatt, Ernest L. Ransome, and G. A. Wayss in reinforced concrete.
– Evolution of iron and steel concrete construction techniques.

**Design and Behavior of Reinforced Concrete:**
– Use of reinforced concrete elements in various structures.
– Importance of designing efficient floor systems for optimal building structures.
– Understanding the behavior of reinforced concrete elements under external loads.
– Various stresses like tension, compression, bending, shear, and torsion experienced by elements.

**Materials and Mechanisms:**
– Composition of concrete and steel in reinforced concrete.
– Key characteristics like thermal expansion coefficients and protection against corrosion.
– Mechanism of composite action of reinforcement and concrete.
– Anchorage codes and anticorrosion measures for reinforced concrete.

**Innovations and Challenges in Reinforced Concrete:**
– Techniques like prestressed concrete to increase load-bearing strength.
– Common failure modes, including mechanical failure and carbonation.
– Challenges like alkali silica reaction, sulfate attack, and use of non-steel reinforcement materials.
– Advantages of plastic reinforcement like FRP and GRP in concrete applications.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concrete