Ultimate tensile strength

**1. Ultimate Tensile Strength Overview:**
– Definition: Intensive property not dependent on specimen size.
– Factors affecting variation: Specimen preparation, defects, temperature.
– Failure modes: Brittle or ductile.
– Measurement: Stress in pascals (Pa) or pounds per square inch (psi).
– Ductile materials behavior: Elasticity up to yield point, plastic deformation, strain hardening, necking.
– Use in design: Quality control, material identification.

**2. Tensile Testing and Applications:**
– Procedure: Pulling sample until break.
– Importance: Quality assurance in metalworking.
– Correlation with hardness: Aid in nondestructive testing.
– Application in design: Critical for brittle materials, material selection.
– Yield stress vs. ultimate tensile strength: Different roles in designing ductile and brittle members.

**3. Materials and Their Tensile Strengths:**
– Steel alloys (e.g., ASTM A36, AISI 6150): High tensile strengths.
– Acrylic, ABS, HDPE: Lower tensile strengths.
– Glass, carbon fiber, aramid: High tensile strength materials.
– Natural materials (e.g., bamboo fiber, spider silk): Notable tensile strengths.
– Synthetic materials (e.g., nylon, epoxy adhesive): Varying tensile strengths.

**4. Specific Material Tensile Strengths:**
– UHMWPE fibers: 2,300 to 3,500 MPa.
– Vectran: 2,850 to 3,340 MPa.
– Polybenzoxazole (Zylon): 2,700 MPa.
– Carbon-based materials (e.g., graphene, carbon nanotubes): Wide range of tensile strengths.
– Inorganic materials (e.g., silicon, sapphire, diamond): Specific tensile strength values.

**5. Studies and Publications:**
– Giancoli’s ‘Physics for Scientists & Engineers Third Edition.’
– Köhler T, Vollrath F’s study on orb-weaving spiders.
– T Follett’s work ‘Life without metals.’
– Min-Feng Y, Lourie O, Dyer MJ’s study on carbon nanotubes.
– Importance of ultimate tensile strength in engineering and materials science.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_tensile_strength