History of Lighting: – Discovery of fire led to early artificial lighting with campfires and torches – Prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps made from natural materials – Candles, glass, and pottery lamps were invented – Chandeliers were an early form of light fixture – Whale oil was a major lighting source until the discovery of kerosene and later crude oil Fixtures: – Lighting fixtures serve as holders for light sources and provide directed light – Fixtures come in various styles and materials, from plain and functional to artistic – Luminous efficacy measures the amount of usable light per energy used – Transparency of fixtures affects efficacy, with shading decreasing efficacy but increasing directionality – Color temperature of white light sources impacts their applications Indoor Lighting: – Key part of interior design – Accomplished using light fixtures – Proper lighting can enhance task performance and improve the area’s appearance – Daylighting is sometimes used as the main source of light in buildings to save energy – Lighting can have positive psychological effects on occupants Outdoor Lighting: – Lighting is an intrinsic component of landscape projects – Gas lighting powered street lights in major cities in the early 1800s – Electric lighting became ubiquitous in developed countries – Improved nighttime lighting enabled more activities at night – Street lights reduced urban crime Practical Effects of Lighting: – Lighting is used for practical and aesthetic purposes – Artificial light sources and natural illumination are both utilized – Proper lighting can enhance task performance – Lighting can improve the appearance of an area – Lighting can have positive psychological effects on occupants